Aggregation is one of the most widespread phenomena in animal groups and often represents a collective dynamic response to environmental conditions. In social species the underlying mechanisms mostly obey self-organized principles. This phenomenon constitutes a powerful model to decouple purely social components from ecological factors. Here we used a model of cockroach aggregation to address the problems of sensitivity of collective patterns and control of aggregation dynamics. The individual behavioural rules and the emergent collective patterns were previously quantified and modelled (...) by Jeanson et al.. We first present the diverse spatio-temporal patterns of a derived model in response to parameter changes, either involving social or non-social interactions. This sensitivity analysis is then extended to evaluate the evolution of these patterns in mixed societies of sub-populations with different behavioural parameters. Simple linear or highly non-linear collective responses emerge. We discuss their potential application to control animal populations by infiltration of biomimetic autonomous robots that mimic cockroach behaviour. We suggest that detailed behavioural models are a prerequisite to do so. (shrink)

Cet ouvrage étudie des formes d'humanisme contemporain qui, dans leur compréhension de la nature humaine, se sont opposées aux conceptions religieuses, et en Occident plus particulièrement au Christianisme. Trois formes d'humanisme athée sont considérées qui sont le Marxisme, le Freudisme et le Rationalisme scientiste, qui prend aujourd'hui la forme d'un messianisme 'technoscientiste.' Chacune de ces formes a pu constituer une avancée théorique notable dans un champ défini, mais a pu aussi donner naissance à une conception idéologique néfaste, voire criminelle, sans (...) pourtant épuiser la charge d'espérance dont elle est aussi porteuse. L'Église n'en est plus aujourd'hui aux anathèmes du Syllabus, mais est engagée dans un processus de dialogue avec les principales composantes du monde contemporain, dont elle peut partager certaines attentes. Jean XXIII, et le concile Vatican II, ont su distinguer entre des proclamations ouvertement athées, auxquelles un chrétien ne peut évidemment souscrire, et des analyses temporelles, voire des objectifs concrets, en vue desquels des engagements communs peuvent être encouragés dans le respect des convictions de chacun. Tout effort de dialogue doit, à ce titre examiner les principales questions que se pose l'Humanité contemporaine, à la fois pour chercher des réponses communes, et souligner la contribution que le Christianisme apporte, en un message d'amour de tous les humains, qui, selon lui, ne trouve sa source profonde que dans un amour plus élevé. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:THE PLACE OF RENE GIRARD IN CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY Guy Vanheeswijck University ofAntwerp and ofLeuven Iwould like to start by quoting a text which is likely to be recognized by everyone, who is even on a superficial level familiar with the work of René Girard: Desire that bears on a natural object is only human to the extent that it is mediated by the desire of another bearing on the (...) same object: it is human to desire what others desire, because they desire it. Thus an object that is perfectly useless from a biological point of view (such as a medal, or the enemy's flag) can be desired because it is the object of other desires. Such a human desire, and human reality as it differs from animal reality, is only created by the action that satisfies such desires. Human history is the history of desires that are desired [Désirs désirés]. Undoubtedly, these could be words written by Girard. However, they are not. These words are quoted from the famous lectures given by Alexandre Kojève on Hegel's Phänomenologie des Geistes at the Ecole pratique des hautes études between 1933 and 1939. They were followed by what would become the crème ofpost-war French philosophy: Raymond Aron, Georges Bataille, Alexandre Koyré, Pierre Klossowski, Jacques Lacan, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Jean-Paul Sartre.' Kojève's interpretation ofHegel has, as generally known, become the point ofreference to the post-war twentieth ' Although Sartre himselfcould not attend the lectures (at that time he taught philosophy in Le Havre en Laon), he must have heard from it by way of Aron or Merleau-Ponty. 96Guy Vanheeswijck century philosophy in France. Before 1930 the word "dialectic" was burdened with an odium of sin, after 1930 it became a word—thanks to Kojève —radiant with prestige. Before 1930 there had been no talk of an Hegelian school whatsoever in France, after 1930 the situation changed so drastically that Merleau-Ponty was able to write these often quoted lines in 1946: Hegel is at the origin of everything that has been great in philosophy for over a century; for example Marxism, Nietzsche, phenomenology and German existentialism, psychoanalysis. He inaugurates the attempt to explore the irrational and to integrate it within a wider rationality that remains the philosophical task of our century. (Sens et non-sens 109-110) Half a century later, these words have lost their self-evident character. While the generation of French thinkers between 1930 and 1960 stresses its dependence on Hegel, the generation after 1960 heavily reacts against him. In 1970 Michel Foucault gave his inaugural speech at the Collège de France. On behalf of his generation he testified to a generalized antiHegelianism at that moment: "Our entire epoch, whether through logic or epistemology, whether through Marx or Nietzsche, seeks to evade Hegel's Imperium [échapper à Hegel] (L'Ordre du discours 74). Obviously, René Girard belongs to the second generation, which, on the one hand, embroiders on the theme ofdesire, borrowed from Kojève's interpretation ofHegel, but, on the other, in its search for answers precisely wishes to get rid of Hegel. But, is it correct to call René Girard a philosopher? His schooling was that of an historian. In 1947 he graduated in Paris as an archivistepal éographe at the Ecole de Chartres: his thesis was "La vie privée à Avignon dans la seconde moitié du XVe siècle." Three years later—in the meantime he had emigrated to the United States—he received his Ph.D. at the faculty of history of the University of Indiana. The topic of his dissertation was "American opinion ofFrance, 1940-1943." However, he has never worked as a professional historian. He owes his reputation first and foremost to his literary analyses, subsequently to his research in anthropology, finally to his exegesis ofthe Bible. Time and again, Girard has expressed his preference for literature to both humanities and philosophy. Human behavior is, in his view, much less elucidated by the conceptual structures of discursive philosophy than by the evocative force of a Greek tragedy, the Biblical passion story or a modern novel. One might retort that René Girard... (shrink)

Positions is a collection of three interviews with Jacques Derrida that illuminate and make more accessible the complex concepts and terms treated extensively in such works as Writing and Difference and Dissemination. Derrida takes positions on his detractors, his supporters, and the two major preoccupations of French intellectual life, Marxism and psychoanalysis. The interviews included in this volume offer a multifaceted view of Derrida. "Implications: Interview with Henri Ronse" contains a succinct statement of principles. "Seminology and Grammatology: Interview with (...) Julia Kristeva" provides important clarifications of the role played by linguistics in Derrida's work. "Positions: Interview with Jean-Louis Houdebine and Guy Scarpetta" is a wide-ranging discussion that touches on many of the polemics that Derrida's work as provoked. Alan Bass, whose translation of Writing and Difference was highly praised for its clarity, accuracy, and readability, has provided extremely useful critical notes, full of vital information, including historical background. (shrink)

"Thought Projections Are Nothing but Scenarios We Construct About Others and Are the Products of Our Own Closed-Mindedness. Report on the ""Living Philosophy"" Project. This text is a reflection on Projections. The aim here is to show that it is necessary to go beyond the Freudian concept to offer a more open reading of the concept of projections. The term is taken in its true sense. Projection is mainly used today in the world of cinema and entertainment. To be victim (...) of a projection is to “make himself is proper film” of reality and live in an imaginary world. Our idea is to maintain that these projections develop in the era of the spectacle which is ours. The term “société du spectacle” is borrowed from Guy Debord. However, we distinguish ourselves from him by maintaining that the spectacle is only an epiphenomenon which is only the result of a culture of secret itself produced by contemporary narcissism. This work is the continuation of a series of conferences which are organized within the framework of a movement called Living Philosophy. This movement aims to bring philosophy back to life by leading it into living spaces and bringing it down into bodies, streets and villages. To do this, she wants to be creative and bring together the Ancients, the Moderns and the post-moderns. Living Philosophy is a movement built on the idea of dialogue and mediation. Keywords: philosophie vivante; Freud, Sigmund; projections; Debord, Guy; narcisism.". (shrink)

The spontaneous organization of collective activities in animal groups and societies has attracted a considerable amount of attention over the last decade. This kind of coordination often permits group‐living species to achieve collective tasks that are far beyond single individuals' capabilities. In particular, a key benefit lies in the integration of partial knowledge of the environment at the collective level. In this contribution, we discuss various self‐organization phenomena in animal swarms and human crowds from the point of view of information (...) exchange among individuals. In particular, we provide a general description of collective dynamics across species and introduce a classification of these dynamics not only with respect to the way information is transferred among individuals but also with regard to the knowledge processing at the collective level. Finally, we highlight the fact that the individual’s ability to learn from past experiences can have a feedback effect on the collective dynamics, as experienced with the development of behavioral conventions in pedestrian crowds. (shrink)

The role of behaviour in biological evolution is examined within the context of Darwinism. All Darwinian models are based on the distinction of two mechanisms: one that permits faithful transmission of a feature from one generation to another, and another that differentially regulates the degree of this transmission. Behaviour plays a minimal role as an agent of transmission in the greater part of the animal kingdom; by contrast, the forms it may assume strongly influence the mechanisms of selection regulating the (...) different rates of transmission. We consider the decisive feature of the human species to be the existence of a phenotypical system of cultural coding characterized by precision and reliability which are the distinctive features of genetic coding in animals. We examine the consequences for the application of the Darwinian model to human history. (shrink)

A distinction is made between two definitions of animal cognition: the one most frequently employed in cognitive sciences considers cognition as extracting and processing information; a more phenomenologically inspired model considers it as attributing to a form of the outside world a significance, linked to the state of the animal. The respective fields of validity of these two models are discussed along with the limitations they entail, and the questions they pose to evolutionary biologists are emphasized. This is followed by (...) a presentation of a general overview of what might be the study of the evolution of knowledge in animals. (shrink)

In the history of Christian thought, St Bonaventure stands out as the pre-eminent Franciscan philosopher of the 13th century and as a key figure in the development of the spiritual theology of the Church. The four studies which constitute this volume present detailed investigations into some of the principal sources from which Bonaventure drew his inspiration, from Antiquity through to St Bernard in the century before his own. Proceeding from a careful analysis of the quotations he makes from these sources, (...) the studies make clear the precise extent and nature of their importance in Bonaventure¿s own thought, and the manner in which he selected ideas and used them to serve his own purposes. The first two pieces focus on the influence exerted by the Pseudo-Dionysius, in particular as concerns his notion of hierarchy; this became a central and fertile theme in the work of the Franciscan. Father Bougerol shows how Bonaventure interpreted and developed it, in the process transforming it into a meditation on the relationship between man and God. This emphasis also emerges in the third study, on his attitude towards Aristotle, which demonstrates Bonaventure¿s deliberate progress towards the elaboration of his spiritual theology. (shrink)

A la fin du XIXe siècle, le progrès des sciences et des techniques parut ouvrir une ère de bonheur où l'homme, délivré des tâches serviles et de toutes les superstitions, serait enfin le maître de la nature et de son propre destin. Mais le XXe siècle ne tint pas ces promesses. Certes, le progrès des sciences a fait reculer la mortalité infantile et allonger l'espérance de vie. Les nouveaux moyens de communication ont permis la circulation rapide d'informations autour du globe. (...) Mais notre environnement est menacé par toutes sortes de déchets. La biologie a ouvert des voies effrayantes. l'automatisation a bouleversé le monde du travail. La nécessité de former des scientifiques pour créer et maîtriser ces nouveaux outils a fait reculer la culture classique. De tels changements ont obscurci les repères traditionnels, les esprits sont déroutés, le sens est en crise. A l'entrée du troisième millénaire, l'Académie d'Education et d'Etudes sociales ne pouvait laisser ces questions dans l'ombre : elles sont trop souvent l'objet de débats plus passionnés que fondés et raisonnés. La science menace-t-elle l'homme et son environnement? Pèse-t-elle sur la cohésion sociale et la démocratie? Quelle est sa place dans la culture, à côté de la philosophie? Comment le chrétien se situe-t-il dans ce monde scientifique et technique? Par une étude raisonnée de ces questions, l'AES souhaite délivrer un message d'espoir et de confiance, et contribuer à mettre le développement scientifique et technique au service de l'homme, suivant la parole de l'Ecclésiastique : " Le Très-Haut a donné à l'homme le savoir pour être glorifié dans ses merveilles " (17,8). (shrink)

Bourdieu’s thought is disturbing. Provocative. Scandalous even, at least for those who do not easily tolerate the unmitigated truth about the social. Nonetheless his ideas, among the most important and innovative of our time, are here to stay. This thought has taken form in the course of a career and through works on diverse subjects that have constructed a far-reaching analytical model of social life, which the author calls more readily an anthropology rather than a sociology. In their totality, they (...) constitute today an original and powerful proposal to explain human practices. In the face of criticisms commonly leveled at Bourdieu’s thought (notably the charge that it reduces everything to a single schematic model), it is important to identify the spirit of his enterprise. Early on, it is true, his thought drew on a few fundamental concepts—the trilogy habitus, field (champ), practice (pratique)—to which it constantly returned, and followed a clearly defined trajectory. At the same time, however, he continually reformulated, adapted, and refined his analytical model, depending on the operations to which he subjected new objects of inquiry. The regenerative and transformative force of his thought was supported by two convictions. First, that there being nothing more vain than theory for theory’s sake, it is preferable that theoretical production originate in the study of concrete and occasionally very specific cases. Second, that in order to escape stereotypical classifications, boundaries separating disciplines are best transgressed, thereby favoring new constructions of the object of inquiry. (shrink)

Entre les postes et le mouvement analytique, le principe de plaisir et l'histoire des télécommunications, la carte postale et la lettre volée, bref le transfert de Socrate à Freud, et au-delà. Cette satire de la littérature épistolaire devait être farcie - d'adresses, de codes postaux, de missives cryptées, de lettres anonymes, le tout confié à tant de modes, de genres et de tons.

Cette édition numérique a été réalisée à partir d'un support physique, parfois ancien, conservé au sein du dépôt légal de la Bibliothèque nationale de France, conformément à la loi n° 2012-287 du 1er mars 2012 relative à l'exploitation des Livres indisponibles du XXe siècle. Pages de début -- I -- Phénoménologies hégelienne et husserlienne Hegel et Husserl sur l'intersubjectivité Itinéraires phénoménologiques La dialectique de l'intentionnalité Essai de synthèse d'une méthode phénoménologique -- II -- Classes sociales selon Marx Imaginaire social et (...) creation des idéologies Production et classes sociales dans Le Capital L'évolution du concept de la lutte des classes dans la pensée de Marx Lesclasses sociales dans la philosophie de l'histoire de Marx Pages de fin. (shrink)

Cet ouvrage aurait pu s'intituler " matière et vie ". L'auteur nous guide sur le long chemin qui va des constituants élémentaires d'un jeune univers, dans lequel la vie est évidemment absente, jusqu'aux formes complexes de la matière. Il explique comment et pourquoi la matière se complexifie dans le coeur des étoiles de premières générations, dans la nébuleuse protosolaire, sur la jeune Terre envoie de différenciation, dans les premiers océans terrestres. Il décrit ce que l'on croit savoir, mais aussi passe (...) en revue tout ce que l'on ignore à propos de la génération spontanée des premières cellules vivantes. Lorsque la vie apparaît, l'histoire de la matière devient dépendante de l'évolution biologique. Après trois milliards d'années environ, celle-ci conduit à l'apparition de l'homme, seul être vivant capable de faire évoluer la matière. Ce livre propose ainsi une fresque d'une réelle ampleur, sans équivalent à ce jour, écrite pour être accessible à tous. Et pourtant, les questions abordées relèvent de nombreuses disciplines, comme l'astrophysique, la biologie, la chimie, le génie génétique et l'histoire des techniques. (shrink)

Le premier numéro de Pierre d'angle s'ouvrait par un éditorial qui en proposait l'esprit et les orientations. Il nous a paru opportun, à l'occasion de cettetroisième livraison, d'approfondir sous forme d'une méditation à trois voix, et selon une thématisation plus explicite - à la fois philosophique, historienne et théologique -, les motif et les enjeux de ce dialogue de la foi avec la culture contemporaine, si difficile qu'il soit de saisir celle-ci dans son unité. Nous avons choisi de vous présenter (...) notre démarche sous la forme d'un paradoxe.. (shrink)

L’intention de cette étude est de montrer que la seconde section de Vérité et méthode élabore, à partir d’une réflexion sur l’histoire, une interrogation sur la « subjectivité » dont l’être est de participer à ce qui se présente. Le sujet a ainsi le statut de theoros. Cette interrogation s’articule en trois moments qui sont autant d’étapes approfondissant le questionnement sur la « subjectivité » : le cercle herméneutique, qui montre le caractère dérivé de l’opposition sujet/objet ; le préjugé, qui (...) met en évidence l’enracinement historique du « sujet » ; la dialectique de la question et de la réponse qui révèle le « sujet » comme une question à lui-même.The purpose of this article is to show that the second section of Truth and Method elaborates an interrogation on « subjectivity », based on a meditation about history. The being of « subject » consists to take part in the presence. In this way, the « subject » has the status of theoros. This interrogation includes three moments which are related steps going further into the question of the being of « subjectivity » : the hermeneutical circle, which shows the derivated aspect of the opposition subject/object ; the prejudice, highlighting the historical incarnation of the « subject » ; the dialectic of question and answer, which reveals the being of « subject » as a question. (shrink)

Après avoir montré brièvement la place et le rôle de l'énigme en culture littéraire, cet article s'attache à montrer les procédés littéraires à l'oeuvre dans l'analyse augustinienne de deux grandes énigmes : l'homme-individu, l'homme-société. L'énigme qu'Augustin trouve au fond de l'homme, c'est d'abord une controversia , conflit qui le conduit à postuler la présence de ce qu'on appelle aujourd'hui l'inconscient ; mais ici l'herméneutique est menée avec des concepts littéraires et non médico-biologiques. D'autre part, les rapports sociaux de l'homme ne (...) sont pas analysés en termes de production, ni de pouvoir politique, mais plutôt en référence aux mythologies religieuses, c'est-à-dire en fonction de l'interprétation du Livre. Loin d'être économico-politique, le déchiffrage repose sur la manière dont Romains, Juifs, chrétiens, manichéens, donatistes lisent les signes de l'Ecriture. L'article s'achève enfin sur une brève description de l'épistémologie qui organise les lignes de force de cette herméneutique.After briefly showing the place and the role of the enigm in literary culture, this article goes on to show the literary procedures at work in the Augustinian analysis of two great enigmas : man-individual, man-society. The enigma which Augustin finds at the basis of man is first of all a controversia , a conflict which leads him to postulate the presence of what today is called the unconscious. But here hermeneutics is pursued with literary rather than with medico-biological concepts. Moreover, man's social relations are not analysed in terms of production, nor of political power, but with reference to religious mythologies, that is, as a function of the interpretation of the Book. Far from being an economic and political interpretation, the interpretation here is based on the way Romans, Jews, Christians, Manicheans, and Donatists read the signs of scripture. The article concludes with a short description of the epistemology which organizes the lines of force of this hermeneutic. (shrink)

Le campus virtuel de la filière TIC de Limoges propose depuis 1998, via Internet, des formations diplômantes pour les TIC et par les TIC. Les 600 étudiants sont organisés en communautés virtuelles d'apprentissage. Les communautés virtuelles sont une forme de socialisation propre à Internet. Le travail de groupe évite le sentiment d'isolement et facilite les apprentissages. Les étudiants et les enseignants échangent et partagent au niveau de la communauté globale, au niveau des communautés de promotion et d'unité d'enseignement qui sont (...) des communautés de pratique. Ils pratiquent le travail collaboratif au niveau des communautés de travail, c'est-à-dire qu'ils mutualisent leurs compétences et coordonnent leurs actions pour mener à bien les apprentissages. Pour réussir ce travail collaboratif il ya des règles et une « nétiquette » à respecter. L'intelligence collective naît du travail en commun des étudiants en réseau.The virtual campus of the ICT sector offers Limoges since 1998, via the Internet, diploma courses for ICT and ICT. 600 students are organized in virtual learning communities. Virtual communities are a form of socialization own Internet. Group work prevents isolation and facilitates learning. Students and teachers exchange and share in the global community, community-level promotion and teaching unit which are communities of practice. They practice in collaborative working communities, that is to say, they pool their expertise and coordinate their actions to carry out learning. To achieve this collaboration there are rules and "netiquette" to follow. Collective intelligence born of students working together in a network. (shrink)